Vertical vs. Horizontal Foundation Cracks: What’s the Difference?

Foundation cracks are a common concern for homeowners, and they can come in different shapes and sizes. Two of the most frequently observed types are vertical cracks in foundation and horizontal cracks in foundation. Although both may look alarming at first glance, understanding the differences between them is crucial for determining their causes and addressing them properly. Foundation wall cracks can occur due to a variety of factors, ranging from natural settling to more severe structural issues. In this blog, we will explore what causes these cracks, how to differentiate between vertical and horizontal cracks, and what homeowners should do when they spot them.

Understanding Foundation Cracks

Foundation cracks are a sign that something is affecting the integrity of a home’s foundation. This is often a source of worry for homeowners, as foundation issues, if left untreated, can lead to significant structural damage. Cracks in foundation walls can manifest in various ways, and their appearance often provides clues about their underlying causes. For example, some cracks may be narrow and shallow, while others can be wide or deep. It is essential to pay close attention to these features as they can help determine whether the cracks are a result of normal settling or more serious structural problems.

There are many possible causes of foundation wall cracks, including changes in moisture levels, shifts in soil pressure, or the natural settling of a house over time. Hairline cracks in foundation walls are fairly common and usually do not indicate a major issue. However, wider cracks, particularly those that appear suddenly or in unusual locations, may signal more significant concerns. Understanding the type of crack you are dealing with can help guide the appropriate steps for repairing or mitigating potential damage to the foundation.

Vertical Cracks in Foundation

Vertical cracks in foundation walls are typically caused by the natural settling of the house or the pressure from the surrounding soil. As a building settles over time, the foundation may shift slightly, causing small fissures to form. These vertical cracks generally occur due to the downward pressure from the weight of the structure above. In many cases, vertical cracks in foundation are harmless and pose no risk to the stability of the home. These cracks are often narrow and may only be a few millimeters wide.

In some situations, vertical cracks may become wider over time, particularly if the settling foundation continues to shift. This is more likely if there are significant changes in the moisture levels around the foundation, such as from heavy rains or a drought. While vertical cracks are usually not a major concern, it is still important to monitor them for any signs of widening, as large or growing cracks can compromise the integrity of the foundation and require foundation crack repair.

Vertical cracks in foundation are often easier to repair than other types of cracks, particularly if they are small and superficial. In many cases, sealing the cracks with appropriate waterproofing materials can prevent further water infiltration and protect the foundation from additional damage. If the cracks are more significant or show signs of worsening, it may be necessary to consult a professional to evaluate whether structural reinforcement is needed.

Horizontal Cracks in Foundation

Horizontal cracks in foundation walls, on the other hand, can be a more serious issue. Unlike vertical cracks, which tend to form from the natural settling of a house, horizontal cracks are often the result of lateral pressure exerted on the foundation walls. This pressure can come from several sources, such as soil expansion due to moisture changes, frost heaving, or even tree roots pushing against the foundation. In some cases, the weight of the soil itself can create enough force to cause the foundation walls to bow outward, resulting in horizontal cracks.

One of the most concerning aspects of horizontal cracks in foundation walls is that they are often a sign of significant structural stress. These cracks can cause the foundation to weaken and potentially lead to shifting or collapse if not addressed promptly. Unlike vertical cracks, which may not always be an immediate concern, horizontal cracks in foundation walls typically require professional attention to assess the extent of the damage and to recommend the best course of action for repair.

The appearance of horizontal cracks in foundation walls is often a sign of more serious foundation settlement cracks. These cracks tend to be wider and more pronounced than vertical cracks and may be accompanied by other signs of foundation distress, such as sagging floors, doors or windows that stick, or gaps between walls and ceilings. When horizontal cracks are discovered, it is essential to act quickly to prevent further damage.

Foundation Settlement and Its Effects

A settling foundation is a common cause of both vertical and horizontal cracks. Over time, the ground beneath a building may shift or compress, causing the foundation to move slightly. This movement can lead to the formation of foundation settlement cracks, which may be vertical, horizontal, or even diagonal. The way the foundation settles can depend on several factors, including the type of soil, the weight of the building, and any environmental conditions such as moisture or temperature fluctuations.

When a foundation settles, it often does so unevenly, leading to the formation of cracks. Vertical cracks in foundation walls are usually a result of the natural settling process, where one part of the foundation may shift downward more than another. This type of movement can create stress on the walls, causing them to crack. Horizontal cracks, on the other hand, are often associated with more significant shifts in the foundation or external pressure from the soil.

In some cases, the effects of foundation settlement can be compounded by poor drainage or an inadequate foundation design. Homes built on expansive or poorly compacted soil are more susceptible to foundation problems, as the soil beneath the foundation may contract or swell with changes in moisture content. This can lead to uneven settling, which may exacerbate the formation of foundation cracks.

How to Repair Foundation Cracks

When it comes to repairing foundation cracks, the first step is to identify the type of crack and its cause. If you notice vertical cracks in foundation walls, particularly small or hairline cracks, they may not require immediate attention. In these cases, sealing the cracks with a foundation crack repair product can help prevent water from infiltrating the foundation and causing further damage. Waterproofing sealants and epoxies can often be used to fill and seal these cracks effectively.

However, for larger or growing vertical cracks, or for horizontal cracks, the repair process may be more complex. In these cases, it is important to consult with a professional to assess the condition of the foundation. Horizontal cracks often indicate more serious issues, such as soil pressure or foundation instability, and may require structural reinforcement. Solutions for repairing horizontal cracks in foundation walls may include the installation of steel braces, foundation piers, or underpinning systems to stabilize the foundation and prevent further movement.

In some instances, foundation crack repair may also involve addressing the underlying cause of the issue, such as improving drainage around the foundation, adding soil stabilization, or performing soil excavation. Taking these steps can help prevent future cracks and ensure the long-term stability of the foundation.

Conclusion

Whether you are dealing with vertical cracks, horizontal cracks, or any other type of foundation damage, it is important to address the issue promptly to avoid further complications. Foundation settlement cracks are often a sign of deeper problems, and timely repairs can save homeowners from expensive and extensive repairs in the future. By recognizing the signs of foundation distress early and taking action to repair cracks in foundation walls, homeowners can help protect the structural integrity of their homes for years to come.

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Since 2006, High Plains Engineering & Consulting, LLC has been a civil and structural engineering company in Fort Lupton and the surrounding areas. We provide sensible solutions to geotechnical, structural, environmental, and civil engineering challenges. Our office provides practical expertise backed by diverse design resources to get the job done cost-effectively and efficiently with sustainability in mind. We offer various services for commercial, residential, and agricultural properties like soil testing, percolation testing, and foundation and septic design for new construction. Once that is taken care of we also offer services for floor framing, garage plans, house plans, site plans, and inspection services. Call us today for an appointment!

Categorised in: Forensic Engineering